Solar panels work by converting sunlight into usable electricity through the photovoltaic effect. A typical solar panel consists of many individual photovoltaic cells made of semiconductor materials, such as silicon.

When sunlight hits the surface of the solar panel, it energises the electrons in the semiconductor material, causing them to flow and create an electric current. This electric current is then collected by a grid of conductive metal strips on the surface of the solar panel and transferred to wires, where it can be used as a source of electricity.

The amount of electricity that a solar panel can generate depends on various factors, including the size and efficiency of the individual cells, the amount of sunlight hitting the panel, and the angle and orientation of the panel.

Residential solar panels are connected to an inverter, which converts the direct current (DC) produced by the solar panel into alternating current (AC), which is the type of electricity used in homes and businesses.

Solar panels are a renewable and sustainable source of energy that can be used to power homes, businesses, and even entire communities. They are a clean and efficient way to generate electricity, reducing reliance on fossil fuels and helping to mitigate climate change.